ÿþ<html> <head> <!-- /1 --> <title>Scientific works in Russian :: Bumali Project</title> <!-- 2/ --> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=windows-1251"> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="index2.css"> <script language="JavaScript" type="text/javascript" src="____index.js"></script> </head> <body bgcolor="#FFFFFF" leftmargin="0" topmargin="0" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0"><!-- background="pic/z.gif" onload="preloadImages();" --> <!-- page/ --> <table width="100%" height="100%" align=center cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 border=0> <!-- header/ --> <tr height=240> <td background="pic/z_header.jpg"> <table width=945 height=240 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 border=0> <tr> <td width=41> <!-- 645 + 300 = 945 --> <img src="pic/v.gif" width=41 height=1 border=0 alt=""><br> </td> <td width=152> <a href="/"><img src="pic/logo.gif" width="152" height="240" border=0 alt="Bumali Project"></a><br> </td> <td width=170> <div style="position:relative;top:204px;left:14px"> <a href="#"><img src="pic/lang2en1.gif" width="45" height="31" border=0 alt="English"></a><a href="#"><img src="pic/lang2ru0.gif" width="54" height="31" border=0 alt="Russian"></a><a href="#"><img src="pic/lang2cn0.gif" width="33" height="31" border=0 alt="Chinese"></a><br> </div> </td> <td width=282> <img src="pic/v.gif" width=282 height=1 border=0 alt=""><br> </td> <td width=300> <img src="pic/v.gif" width=1 height=4 border=0 alt=""><br> <!--include virtual="ssi/menu-en.shtml"--> <ul> <li><a class=noir2 href="indexch.shtml">Home page</a> <li><a class=noir2 href="01hart.shtml">Sir Robert Hart</a> <li><a class=noir2 href="02customs.shtml">The Imperial Chinese Maritime Customs</a> <li><a class=noir2 href="03expeditions.shtml">The British expeditions to China</a> <li><a class=noir2 href="04tsungli.shtml">Tsungli Yamen</a> <li><a class=noir2 href="05treaties.shtml">China, Japan, Korea, and Powers. Treaties</a> <li><a class=noir2 href="06war.shtml">Franco-Chinese War 1884-1885</a> <li><a class=noir2 href="07maps.shtml">Maps</a> <li><a class=noir2 href="08contact.shtml">Works in Russian</a> </ul> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr height=9> <td class="paper1"> <img src="pic/v.gif" width=1 height=9 border=0 alt=""><br> </td> </tr> <!-- /header --> <!-- middle part/ --> <tr height="100%"> <td class="paper2"> <br> <table width="100%" cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 border=0> <tr> <td><img src="pic/v.gif" width="42" height="1" border="0" alt=""></td> <td><img src="pic/v.gif" width="462" height="1" border="0" alt=""></td> <td><img src="pic/v.gif" width="22" height="1" border="0" alt=""></td> <td><img src="pic/v.gif" width="372" height="1" border="0" alt=""></td> <td width="100%"><img src="pic/v.gif" width="1" height="1" border="0" alt=""></td> </tr> <tr> <td><img src="pic/leftpane.jpg" width="42" height="422" border=0 alt=""><br><br></td> <td class="content"> <!-- /2 --> <!-- content/ --> <h3>© Ma@8O C3@>20</h3> <h1>5;8:>1@8B0=8O 8 /?>=8O 2 70-90-E 33. XIX 25:0: A>?5@=8:8 8;8 A>N7=8:8?</h1> <p><i>Issues of Japanology. 0B5@80;K 564C=0@>4=>9 =0CG=>9 :>=D5@5=F88, ?>A2OI5==>9 50-;5B8N 2>AAB0=>2;5=8O @>AA89A:>-O?>=A:8E 48?;><0B8G5A:8E >B=>H5=89 8 270-;5B8N CG@5645=8O (:>;K O?>=A:>3> O7K:0 ?@8 >AA89A:>9 :045<88 0C:. !1.: "8?>3@0D8O 740B5;LAB20 !1#. 2006. A.28-40.</i></p> <p> 70-90-3>40E XIX 25:0 5;8:>1@8B0=8O 2KABC?0;0 ?>A@54=8:>< 2 C@53C;8@>20=88 ?@>B82>@5G89, 2>7=8:0NI8E <564C 8B05< 8 /?>=859. B;8G0;0AL ;8 1@8B0=A:0O ?>;8B8:0 2 8B05 >B B>9, :>B>@CN >=0 ?@>2>48;0 2 /?>=88, 8 5A;8 >B;8G0;0AL, B> G5<? >G5<C 2 70-80-E 33. 5;8:>1@8B0=8O O2;O;0AL 0@18B@>< 2 A?>@0E =0 0;L=5< 2>AB>:5, 0 2 A5@548=5 90-E 33. >=0 C65 =8G5< =5 ?@5?OBAB2>20;0 =0G0;C 2>9=K <564C 8B05< 8 /?>=859? </p> <p>I5 2 1869 3. /?>=8O AB>O;0 ?5@54 48;5<<>9, :0:>9 2=5H=5?>;8B8G5A:89 :C@A 59 871@0BL.  «5<>@0=4C<5 > 2=5H=8E A=>H5=8OE /?>=88» 3>2>@8;>AL: «A;8 1C45B @5H5=>, GB> /?>=8O 4>;6=0 1KBL 70:@KB0, <K 2K?@>2>48< 2A5E 8=>AB@0=F52, 682CI8E BCB?...A;8 1C45B @5H5=> 70:@KBL ?>@BK, :>340 4;O =0A ?@845B 2@5<O 1>@>BLAO, 2 :0:85 ?@>28=F88 <K ?5@5<5AB8< 8<?5@0B>@A:89 42>@ 8 :0: <K 70I8B8< 53>?... 0 :064>3> C18B>3> 8=>AB@0==K5 ?@028B5;LAB20 C25;8G820;8 8E 2>5==>5 ?@8ACBAB285& A;8 ?> ?@>H5AB288 =5A:>;L:8E ;5B 8=>AB@0=F52 1C4CB ?@>4>;60BL C1820BL... <K 1C45< 8<5BL 4C@=CN A;02C 2 3;070E 4@C38E 3>AC40@AB2. 0: =0< 871560BL MB>3> ?>7>@0?» . 02;5=85 70?04=KE 45@602 =0 8B09 157CA;>2=> ?>2;8O;> =0 ?>;8B8G5A:CN ?>78F8N O?>=A:>3> ?@028B5;LAB20: «:>340-B> 3>@40O 8<?5@8O ?>;CG8;0 C40@ ?> 1>;55 G5< 400 ?@>28=F8O<... :0:>9 AB@0H=K9 C@>: 4;O =0A!».</p> <p>/?>=8O ?@87=0;0, GB> >=0 2K=C645=0 >1@0B8BLAO : 5@<0=88 70 >@C685<, : $@0=F88 70 70:>=>40B5;LAB2><, : =3;88 70 55 65;57=K<8 4>@>30<8 . $@0=FC7A:85 N@8ABK ?>43>B>28;8 4;O /?>=88 «A2>4 70:>=>2 =0 >A=>25 >45:A0 0?>;5>=0; 0<5@8:0=A:85 8=65=5@K ?@82;5:0;8AL 4;O ?@5?>4020=8O; C =5<F52 :>?8@>20;8 8E ?>;8B8G5A:CN 8 AC451=CN A8AB5<C; C =3;88 CG8;8AL <5B>40< B>@3>2;8». </p> <p> 545A459; 2 A2>8E <5<C0@0E, 3>2>@O > 1@8B0=A:>9 ?>;8B8:5 2 /?>=88 2 60-E 33. XIX 2., >B<5G0;, GB> «>H81:0 0=3;89A:>3> ?@028B5;LAB20 70:;NG0;0AL 2 B><, GB> >=> 701;C640;>AL, 1C4B> 8B09 8 /?>=8O - >4=> 8 B> 65, 8 GB> >?KB 2 >4=>9 AB@0=5 1K; 4>AB0B>G5= 4;O B>3>, :B> >B?@02;O;AO @01>B0BL 2 4@C3CN» . 0B5@80;K 60-E 33. ?>:07K20NB ?>;=>5 >BACBAB285 8=B5@5A0 : /?>=88 A> AB>@>=K 1@8B0=A:>3> ?@028B5;LAB20. /@:8< ?@8<5@>< B><C 1K; A;CG09 A <8AA859 :540, >B?@0282H59AO 2 2@>?C 4;O 70:C?>: 2>>@C65=8O 8 2>5==KE :>@01;59 2 <0@B5 1864 3. 0AA5;, C7=02, GB> <8AA8O ?;0=8@>20;0 ?@85E0BL 87 0@860 2 >=4>= A>>1I0;: «@028B5;LAB2> 5 5;8G5AB20 =5 65;05B 2845BL ?>A;>2 2 >=4>=5, 8 5A;8 >=8 ?@81C4CB  =5 >B:065BAO >B >:>30<K :0: >B B>@3>2>3> ?>@B0». 21 0?@5;O 1864 3. @CM=-45-N8A ?8A0; >C;8, GB> «3> @52>AE>48B5;LAB2> AG8B05B, GB> >= A45;05B 2A5, GB>1K ?@5?OBAB2>20BL <8AA88 2 70:C?:5 :>@01;59 8 2>5==>3> >1<C=48@>20=8O 2> $@0=F88, 8 GB> ?@028B5;LAB2> 5 5;8G5AB20 A45;05B B> 65 A0<>5 2 =3;88».</p> <p> 80-E 33. 2 A>7=0=88 0=3;8G0= >4=>2@5<5==> A 25@>9 2 «A:@KBCN <>IL 8B0O, 8E 5AB5AB25==>3> A>N7=8:0» ?@>G=> C:>@5=8;0AL «4>:B@8=0 > B><, GB> O?>=FK 1K;8 ?>25@E=>AB=K<8, 03@5AA82=K<8 8 2 F5;>< =565;0B5;L=K<8» . B=>A8B5;L=> 1@8B0=A:>9 ?>;8B8:8 «"09<A» ?8A0;0, GB> MB> ?>-?@56=5<C «?>;8B8:0, ?@8=OB0O 5;8:>1@8B0=859 25 ;5B =0704» .  1881 3. =0 AB@0=8F0E «"09<A» ?>O28;0AL :@8B8:0 - 840 1@8B0=A:>9 48?;><0B88 2 /?>=88 8 157459AB28O . 0@:A0 . 0@:A >B25B8;, GB> 1@8B0=A:0O 48?;><0B8O 1K;0 8A:;NG8B5;L=0, 8 «254CI85 O?>=A:85 ?>;8B8:8 2A5 5I5 A 1;03>40@=>ABLN 2A?><8=0NB CA;C38, >:070==K5 8< ?@028B5;LAB2>< 5 5;8G5AB20 8;8 53> 035=B0<8» .  :>=F5 :>=F>2 >= 1K; ?5@52545= 2 8B09. =3;88 1K; =C65= 1>;55 <>;>4>9 8 M=5@38G=K9 ?>;8B8: 2 /?>=88. </p> <p> 80-E 33. 2 2@>?5 2 ?@5AA5 >1AC640;0AL =5>1E>48<>ABL ?5@5A<>B@0 4>3>2>@>2 A /?>=859. 0M;LF -. 2 53> 4=52=8:5 70 8N;L 1889 3. ?8A0; > A2>5< @073>2>@5 A 8B0;LO=A:8< ?>A;0==8:>< 2 /?>=88 45 0@B8=>, :>B>@K9 «60;>20;AO =0 =04<5==>ABL O?>=F52, ?@>O2;O5<CN 8<8 A B5E ?>@ :0: >=8 ?>=O;8, GB> :>0;8F8O 8=>AB@0==KE 45@602 =0@CH5=0... C65 =5 2>?@>A - 4>;6=K ;8 52@>?59FK ?@87=0BL, GB> O?>=FK 8<5NB @02=K5 ?@020 A =8<8. /?>=FK E>BOB ?5@5A<>B@0 4>3>2>@>2 B0:8< >1@07><, GB>1K ?>;CG8BL 2A5 8 =5 40BL =8G53>» . 5@5A<>B@ 4>3>2>@>2 2K720; @57>=0=A 2 O?>=A:>< >1I5AB25.  >:BO1@5 1889 3. :C<0 C65 ?@0:B8G5A:8 A>3;0A>20; B5:ABK =>2KE 4>3>2>@>2 A 5@<0=859, !( 8 >AA859, :>340 =0 =53> 1K;> A>25@H5=> ?>:CH5=85.</p> <p>=B5@5A=> >B<5B8BL, GB> 5;8:>1@8B0=88 2 A?8A:5 8=>AB@0==KE 45@602, 65;0NI8E ?5@5A<>B@5BL A2>8 4>3>2>@0 A /?>=859, =5 1K;>.  >:BO1@5 1889 3. 0M;LF >B<5G0;: «5A;8 ?>G8B0BL O?>=A:85 3075BK, B> <>6=> ?>4C<0BL, GB> 8<5==> 8=>AB@0=FK ?KB0NBAO >:070BL 402;5=85 =0 ?5@5A<>B@ 8 E>BOB =04028BL =0 O?>=F52!» . «"09<A» 19 <0O 1887 3. ?8A0;0: «5 >48= @07 =3;8O 8<5;0 2>7<>6=>ABL @5H8BL MBC ?@>1;5<C A ?>;L7>9 :0: 4;O A51O, B0: 8 4;O /?>=88. 5 >48= @07 >=0 59 ?@5=51@530;0. 5@<0=8O, 1>;55 CABC?G820O, ?@54?@8=8<05B A0<K5 0:B82=K5 <5@K». >;8B8:0 @8B0=88 2 /?>=88, A B>G:8 7@5=8O «"09<A», :;>=8;0AL : C?04:C . 0@:87 &5=3, 2 A2>5< 4=52=8:5 ?8A0; 2 1883 3>4C: «B:@KBK9 8 G5AB=K9 :C@A 2 <8@=>5 2@5<O <>65B 87<5=8BLAO 2> 2@5<5=0 A<CBK. E [0=3;8G0=, - ..] >1@0I5=85 : /?>=88 <>65B 1KBL @0AA<>B@5=> :0: 4>:070B5;LAB2>. /?>=FK ?>H;8 40;5:> 2 8E ?>4@060=88 70?04=K< ?CBO<. %>BO 8=>AB@0=FK A<5NBAO =04 8E 3;C?>ABLN, >=8 2A5 5I5 2A5340 3>B>2K >:070BL 8< ?><>IL».</p> <p>5;8:>1@8B0=8O 2 80-90-E 3>40E XIX 2. 2848B 2 /?>=88 =5 A>?5@=8:0, 0 A>N7=8:0. 15 AB@0=K 65;0;8 4>18BLAO @0A?@>AB@0=5=8O A2>1>4=>9 B>@3>2;8 2 40;L=52>AB>G=>< @538>=5. ..;5@: >B<5G0;0 2 1895 3., GB> «1;03>40@O 2>7@>AH59 B>@3>2;5 A 8B05<, :>B>@0O =5A><=5==> O2;O5BAO @57C;LB0B>< B>;L:> GB> ?>4>H54H59 : :>=FC 2>9=K, 1@8B0=A:85 8=B5@5AK =5 <>3CB =5 1KBL 70B@>=CBK. B @0AH8@5=8O ?@>AB@0=AB20 2 "8E>< >:50=5 7028A8B 1@8B0=A:>5 ?@>F25B0=85. 5A><=5==>, GB> >A=>2=>9 ?@8=F8? =0H59 ?>;8B8:8 70:;NG05BAO 2 A>E@0=5=88 4@C65A:8E >B=>H5=89 A /?>=859. 5 G8=>2=8:8 2A5F5;> ?@87=0NB F5==>ABL ?>445@6:8 5;8:>1@8B0=88» .  <05 1887 3. >48= 87 1@8B0=A:8E 6C@=0;8AB>2 ?8A0;, GB> «5A;8 [=3;8O, - ..] 2>7L<5B /?>=8N 70 @C:C 8 >AB>@>6=K<8 H030<8 ?>2545B 55 : <564C=0@>4=><C @025=AB2C, :>B>@>3> >=0 B0: 60645B 4>AB8GL& ?>72>;82 /?>=88 2ABC?8BL 2 A>4@C65AB2> =0F89, B> =3;8O 709<5B ?@8G8B0NI55AO 59 <5AB> =0 0;L=5< 2>AB>:5. =3;89A:0O B>@3>2;O 4>AB83=5B >68405<KE @07<5@>2. A;8 =3;8O ?@54?@8<5B B0:>9 ?>;8B8G5A:89 H03, B> >=0 A<>65B @0AAG8BK20BL A@548 A2>8E ;CGH8E 4@C759 8 A>N7=8:>2 70?>;CG8BL 3>AC40@AB2>, :>B>@>5 C4828;> <8@ A2>8< ?@>3@5AA>< 8 :>B>@>5 >15I05B AB0BL 45@602>9 =><5@ >48= =0 >AB>:5». </p> <p>/?>=8N AB0;8 @0AA<0B@820BL :0: A8;C, A?>A>1=CN A>459AB2>20BL =3;88 2 55 1>@L15 A @CAA:8< F0@87<>< =0 0;L=5< >AB>:5. 5;8:>1@8B0=88 1K;0 2K3>4=0 O?>=>-:8B09A:0O 2>9=0, B.:. /?>=8O 2 1894-95 33. A45;0;0 B>, GB> A45;0;0 $@0=F8O 2 1884-85 33.  >B:@K;0 8B09 . A;8 ?>A;5 D@0=:>-:8B09A:>9 2>9=K 2 8B09 «E;K=C;8» 8=>AB@0==K5 M:A?548F88, B> ?>A;5 O?>=>-:8B09A:>9 2>9=K =0G0;AO @0745; 8B0O =0 AD5@K 2;8O=8O <564C 8=>AB@0==K<8 45@6020<8. !2>N 4>;N 2 MB>< @0745;5 E>B5;0 ?>;CG8BL 8 /?>=8O. 8B09A:89 D;>B ?@0:B8G5A:8 ?@5:@0B8; ACI5AB2>20=85, 0 O?>=FK >AB0;8AL ?>;=K<8 E>7O520<8 =0 <>@5, ?>;CG82 2>7<>6=>ABL >:07K20BL 402;5=85 =0 :8B09A:>5 ?@028B5;LAB2>, :>=B@>;8@CO 2AN ?@81@56=CN B>@3>2;N . 5@7>= >B<5G0;, GB> 4@C65AB25==K5 >B=>H5=8O <564C =0<8 8 /?>=859 ?><>3CB 59 2 B>@3>2>< 8 ?@><KH;5==>< @0728B88, 2 :>B>@>< >=0 845B ?> =0H8< 65 AB>?0<, 8 2 B> 65 2@5<O >=8 CB25@4OB =0H5 ?@>4>;60NI55AO 3>A?>4AB2> =0 <>@A:8E ?CBOE. </p> <p> /?>=88 ?@5<L5@-<8=8AB@ B> 1K; A:;>=5= : A>3;0H5=8N A >AA859. > 4>=5A5=8O< @CAA:>3> ?>A;0 2 ">:8> %8B@>2> >B 28 0?@5;O  10 <0O 1895 3. 0=B8@CAA:85 =0AB@>5=8O 1K;8 A8;L=K =0 >AB@>25 %>::094>. /?>=A:85 48?;><0BK %0OA8, 8A8, 0B> 2 1894-1895 33. ?@54?>G8B0;8 A1;865=85 /?>=88 A =3;859. > 2@5<O :>=D;8:B0 1885 3. 87-70 ?>@B0 070@52 /?>=8O >?0A0;0AL C:@5?;5=8O =3;88 =0 >AB@>20E 0<8;LB>= =5 <5=LH5, G5< CB25@645=8O >AA88 =0 15@530E Kope8. =B8@CAA:85 =0AB@>5=8O, >A>15==> A =0G0;>< AB@>8B5;LAB20 !818@A:>9 65;57=>9 4>@>38, AB0;8 4><8=8@>20BL. </p> <p> 1893 3. 2 ">:8> 1K; >@30=87>20= 2>5==K9 ?0@04, O2;O2H89AO @57C;LB0B>< 4;8B5;L=KE ?@83>B>2;5=89. > @5AB02@0F88 1868 3. /?>=8O =5 >1;040;8 A8;L=K< D;>B><.  =0G0;5 90-E 33. >=0 C65 O2;O;0AL <>@A:>9 45@602>9, 2;045;0 1@>=5=>AF0<8, B>@?540<8, 4>:0<8, 0@A5=0;0<8, C3>;L=K<8 @C4=8:0<8. #A?5E /?>=88 =0 <>@5 8 =0 ACH5 >1=0@C68; ACI5AB2>20=85 M=5@38G=>9 8 0<18F8>7=>9 45@602K . >9=0 A /?>=859 ;8HL AB0;0 5I5 >4=8< «4>:070B5;LAB2>< 157=0456=>AB8 @5D>@<8@>20=8O 8B0O» , :>@@C?F8O 2 04<8=8AB@0F88 :>B>@>3> ?>3;>I0;0 ?>GB8 2A5 53> @5AC@AK. >1540 /?>=88 40;0 59 =5 B>;L:> 2>7<>6=>ABL A2>1>4=>9 B>@3>2;8 2 8B05. >-?5@2KE, >=0 ?>;CG0;0 >3@><=K5 :>=B@81CF88 (200 <8;;8>=>2 B0M;59 ). >-2B>@KE, 8B09 : =0G0;C O?>=>-:8B09A:>9 2>9=K 2K?;0B8; ?@0:B8G5A:8 2A5 A2>8 4>;38 ?> ?@54K4CI8< 4>3>2>@0< A 70?04=K<8 45@6020<8. 4=0:> 53> 3>AC40@AB25==0O :07=0 1K;0 ?CAB0, 8 548=AB25==K< @5H5=85< ?@>1;5<K 1K;8 1K 709<K 2 2@>?5 ?>4 70;>3 @53C;O@=KE B0<>65==KE 4>E>4>2, A>18@05<KE ?>4 :>=B@>;5< =3;88.</p> <p> 1896 3. 1@8B0=A:89 >1>7@520B5;L ?8A0;: «K C2845;8, :0: ?>15645==K9 8B09 8 ?>154>=>A=0O /?>=8O AB0;8 70;>3>< =0 H0E<0B=>9 4>A:5 0?040& A@548 254CI8E 45@602 <8@0 =0<5B8;0AL B5=45=F8O : =>2K< 3@C??8@>2:0<. "5 87 =0A, :B> 25@8;, GB> <564C=0@>4=0O A8AB5<0 2@>?K =587<5==0, 4>;6=K ?5@5>A<KA;8BL ACI5AB2CNI89 ?>@O4>: 25I59. "5, :B> ?>;030;, GB> ?>;>65=85 45; =025G=> CG@5645=> A>740=85< B@>9AB25==>3> A>N70 5@<0=88, 2AB@88 8 B0;88, AB>;:=CBAO A :>0;8F859 $@0=F88 8 >AA88. %>BO <564C =8<8 =3;8O  87>;8@>20=0 8 55 :C@A B@C4=> ?@>AG8B0BL». </p> <p>5 8<5NI0O 4> :>=F0 70-E 33. XIX 2. A5@L57=KE A>?5@=8:>2 =0 0;L=5< 2>AB>:5, 2 80-E 33. =3;8O AB>;:=C;0AL A =018@0NI8<8 <>IL $@0=F859, 5@<0=859 8 ?@5B5=78O<8 >AA88 =0 B>@3>2K5 ?CB8 A525@=>3> 8B0O.  80-90-E 33., A >4=>9 AB>@>=K, =3;8O AB@5<8;0AL ?@>=8:=CBL 2 8B09, 0 A 4@C3>9  C:@5?8BL A2>8 ?>78F88 =0 0;L=5< 2>AB>:5 2 F5;><. <5==> MB8< <>6=> >1JOA=8BL ?>445@6:C, :>B>@CN >=0 >:07K20;0 /?>=88. =3;8O =5 ?>4=8<0;0 2 MB> 2@5<O 2>?@>A ?5@5A<>B@0 4>3>2>@0 A /?>=859 ?> B>9 ?@8G8=5, GB> 45<>=AB@0B82=> ?>78F8>=8@>20;0 A51O :0: 55 4@C30. "0:8< >1@07><, 2 80-E 33. XIX 25:0 >A=>2=>9 2>?@>A 1@8B0=A:>9 ?>;8B8:8 2 8B05 70:;NG0;AO 2 ?@>=8:=>25=88 2 53> 2=CB@5==85 @09>=K, 2 /?>=88  2 <>45@=870F88 AB@0=K 8 A>740=88 A8;L=>3> A>N7=8:0 =0 0;L=5< 2>AB>:5. /?>=8O 1K;0 206=0 4;O =3;88 =5 B>;L:> :0: AB@0=0, A :>B>@>9 <>6=> 1K;> @072820BL B>@3>2;N, => :0: D0:B>@, :>B>@K9 <>65B 2 :0:>9-B> AB5?5=8 >?@545;OBL 8 ?><>30BL =3;88 2 @0A?@>AB@0=5=88 55 2;8O=8O =0 0;L=5< 2>AB>:5. </p> <p>1.  , /?>=A:89 AB>;. 5;> 900. 1894. . 56. 2. The Nineteenth Century Review. 3. The Fortnightly Review. 4. The Edinburgh Review. 5. The Times. 6. 0@>G=8F:89 .. =3;8O 8 8B09 =0 ?CB8 : O?>=>-:8B09A:>9 2>9=5 1894-1895 33. - AB>@8G5A:85 70?8A:8. B.19. ., 1946. 7. Baelz E.O.E. Awakening Japan: the diary of a German doctor: Erwin Baelz. N.Y., 1932. 8. Chirol V. Fifty years in a changing world. L. 1896. 9. Curzon G..N. Problems of the Far East. Japan-Korea-China. L. 1894. 10. Lehman J.P. The image of Japan. From feudal isolation to world power, 1850-1905. L. 1978. 11. Macgovern W.M. Modern Japan. Its Political, military and industrial organization. L. 1920. 12. Medzini M. French policy in Japan during the closing years of the Tokugawa regime. Cambridge. 1971. 13. Muragaki Awaji-No-Kami. KOKAI NIKKI: the diary of the first Japanese embassy to the United States of America. The Foreign Affairs Association of Japan. Tokio. 1958. 14. Redesdale, G.C.V.O., K.C.B. Memories. v.I., L. 1915. 15. 83>G6C8 N9 G6C=3> E093C0=L. '6C=3> E093C0=L N9 G6C=D0 G60=LG6M=.  <?5@80;87< 8 8B09A:85 >@A:85 B0<>6=8. 8B09A:85 >@A:85 B0<>6=8 8 D@0=:>-:8B09A:0O 2>9=0. B. 4. 5:8=. 1957. 16. 0 (8. '6C=EC0 483> 4C9209 3C0=LA8H8N. - >@75. AB>@8O <564C=0@>4=KE >B=>H5=89 8B0O 8 8<?5@80;8AB8G5A:8E 45@602. 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