ÿþ<html> <head> <!-- /1 --> <title>Scientific works in Russian :: Bumali Project</title> <!-- 2/ --> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=windows-1251"> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="index2.css"> <script language="JavaScript" type="text/javascript" src="____index.js"></script> </head> <body bgcolor="#FFFFFF" leftmargin="0" topmargin="0" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0"><!-- background="pic/z.gif" onload="preloadImages();" --> <!-- page/ --> <table width="100%" height="100%" align=center cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 border=0> <!-- header/ --> <tr height=240> <td background="pic/z_header.jpg"> <table width=945 height=240 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 border=0> <tr> <td width=41> <!-- 645 + 300 = 945 --> <img src="pic/v.gif" width=41 height=1 border=0 alt=""><br> </td> <td width=152> <a href="/"><img src="pic/logo.gif" width="152" height="240" border=0 alt="Bumali Project"></a><br> </td> <td width=170> <div style="position:relative;top:204px;left:14px"> <a href="#"><img src="pic/lang2en1.gif" width="45" height="31" border=0 alt="English"></a><a href="#"><img src="pic/lang2ru0.gif" width="54" height="31" border=0 alt="Russian"></a><a href="#"><img src="pic/lang2cn0.gif" width="33" height="31" border=0 alt="Chinese"></a><br> </div> </td> <td width=282> <img src="pic/v.gif" width=282 height=1 border=0 alt=""><br> </td> <td width=300> <img src="pic/v.gif" width=1 height=4 border=0 alt=""><br> <!--include virtual="ssi/menu-en.shtml"--> <ul> <li><a class=noir2 href="indexch.shtml">Home page</a> <li><a class=noir2 href="01hart.shtml">Sir Robert Hart</a> <li><a class=noir2 href="02customs.shtml">The Imperial Chinese Maritime Customs</a> <li><a class=noir2 href="03expeditions.shtml">The British expeditions to China</a> <li><a class=noir2 href="04tsungli.shtml">Tsungli Yamen</a> <li><a class=noir2 href="05treaties.shtml">China, Japan, Korea, and Powers. Treaties</a> <li><a class=noir2 href="06war.shtml">Franco-Chinese War 1884-1885</a> <li><a class=noir2 href="07maps.shtml">Maps</a> <li><a class=noir2 href="08contact.shtml">Works in Russian</a> </ul> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr height=9> <td class="paper1"> <img src="pic/v.gif" width=1 height=9 border=0 alt=""><br> </td> </tr> <!-- /header --> <!-- middle part/ --> <tr height="100%"> <td class="paper2"> <br> <table width="100%" cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 border=0> <tr> <td><img src="pic/v.gif" width="42" height="1" border="0" alt=""></td> <td><img src="pic/v.gif" width="462" height="1" border="0" alt=""></td> <td><img src="pic/v.gif" width="22" height="1" border="0" alt=""></td> <td><img src="pic/v.gif" width="372" height="1" border="0" alt=""></td> <td width="100%"><img src="pic/v.gif" width="1" height="1" border="0" alt=""></td> </tr> <tr> <td><img src="pic/leftpane.jpg" width="42" height="422" border=0 alt=""><br><br></td> <td class="content"> <!-- /2 --> <!-- content/ --> <h3>© Ma@8O C3@>20</h3> <h1>!>548=5==>5 >@>;52AB2> 8   2 XXI 25:5</h1> <p><i>XLI =0CG=0O :>=D5@5=F8O "1I5AB2> 8 3>AC40@AB2> 2 8B05". .: >AB.;8B., 2011.</i></p> <p> =0G0;5 XXI 25:0 2 AD5@5 1@8B0=A:>9 0780BA:>9 ?>;8B8:8 ?@>87>H;> =5A:>;L:> 7=0G8<KE A>1KB89.  G0AB=>AB8, 2 2005 3. !>548=Q==>5 >@>;52AB2> ?@8A>548=8;>AL : 0@86A:>9 45:;0@0F88, 2K45;82H59 ?OBL ?@8=F8?>2 D8=0=A>2>3> A>B@C4=8G5AB20 A @072820NI8<8AO AB@0=0<8: ?@>F5AA @0728B8O ?>;=>ABLN 2 @C:0E 3>AC40@AB2-?0@B=Q@>21; @0AAB0=>2:0 ?@8>@8B5B>2 D8=0=A8@CNI8<8 AB>@>=0<8; A10;0=A8@>20==>ABL D8=0=A>2>9 ?>445@6:8; 2708<=0O >B25BAB25==>ABL D8=0=A8@CNI8E AB>@>= 8 3>AC40@AB2-?0@B=Q@>2.  2006 3. 2 >=4>=5 =0 <564C=0@>4=>9 :>=D5@5=F88 «78O 2015» ">=8 ;M@ 70O28;, GB> A>3;0A=> >6840=8O<, D8=0=A>20O ?><>IL 788 A 2005 ?> 2008 33. 4>;6=0 2K@0AB8 =0 25%.  2007 3. !>548=Q==>5 >@>;52AB2> ?>4?8A0;> A>3;0H5=85 > 10-;5B=5< A>B@C4=8G5AB25 A D30=8AB0=><, 0:8AB0=>< 8 L5B=0<><. </p> <p>0 A09B5 1@8B0=A:>3> ?>A>;LAB20 2 /?>=88 2 @0745;5 «564C=0@>4=>5 @0728B85», 3>2>@8BAO > B><, GB> ?>A;5 B>@>9 <8@>2>9 2>9=K 1K;0 A>740=0 =>20O A8AB5<0 <564C=0@>4=KE 8=AB8BCB>2. 4=0:> 2K7>2K, A :>B>@K<8 ?@8H;>AL AB>;:=CBLAO 70?04=K< 45@6020< 2 XXI 2., >B;8G0NBAO >B B5E, :>B>@K5 ACI5AB2>20;8 2 A5@548=5 XX 25:0: «!>548=Q==>5 >@>;52AB2> @01>B05B =04 A8AB5<>9 <564C=0@>4=>3> @0728B8O, :>B>@0O =0?@02;5=0 =0 ?>2KH5=85 MDD5:B82=>AB8 >:07K205<>9 ?><>I8» [4], «B>@3>2;O, :0?8B0;, =0A5;5=85, 8=D>@<0F8O 8 :C;LBC@0 AB0=>2OBAO 1>;55 3;>10;L=K 8 <>18;L=K. -B> >B:@K205B 206=K5 @K=:8 4;O 1@8B0=A:8E B>20@>2 8 CA;C3» [5].</p> <p>0 A53>4=OH=89 45=L <=>385 2>?@>AK, :0A0NI85AO <564C=0@>4=KE >B=>H5=89 8 @0A?@545;5=8O <8@>2KE D8=0=A>2KE ?>B>:>2, =5@07@K2=> A2O70=K A 8B09A:>9 0@>4=>9 5A?C1;8:>9, B.:. MB0 AB@0=0 >1;0405B >3@><=K<8 45=56=K<8 @575@20<8, A0<K< <=>3>G8A;5==K< =0A5;5=85<, 0 5Q M:>=><8:0 48=0<8G=> @0728205BAO, GB> 70AB02;O5B 254CI85 52@>?59A:85 3>AC40@AB20, 2 B>< G8A;5 8 !>548=5==>5 >@>;52AB2>, ?5@5A<>B@5BL A2>Q >B=>H5=85 : 40==>9 AB@0=5.  =0G0;5 2008 3., 2 <><5=B >1>AB@5=8O A5?0@0B8ABA:8E =0AB@>5=89 2 "815B5, A2>9 ?;0= @0728B8O >B=>H5=89 A 8B05< >?C1;8:>20;0 (>B;0=48O [2].  O=20@5 2009 3., 2?5@2K5 70 2AN 8AB>@8N 0=3;>-:8B09A:8E >B=>H5=89, 5;8:>1@8B0=8O >?C1;8:>20;0 B578AK A2>59 AB@0B538G5A:>9 ?>;8B8:8 2 >B=>H5=88 8B0O [3].  A2>5< 2ABC?8B5;L=>< A;>25 70=8<02H89 2 B> 2@5<O ?>AB <8=8AB@0 8=>AB@0==KE 45; !>548=5==>3> >@>;52AB20 . 8;81M=4, 70O28; 2 =0G0;5 2009 3.: «K =8:>340 @0=55 =5 @5H0;8 2>?@>AK, A2O70==K5 A =0H59 ?>;8B8:>9 2 8B05, ?C1;8G=> 8 MB8< 4>:C<5=B>< =0<5@5=K =0G0BL 1>;55 H8@>:CN 48A:CAA8N». !>?>AB02;5=85 MB8E 42CE AB@0B5389 8 8E 0=0;87 ?>72>;O5B A45;0BL =5:>B>@K5 2K2>4K :0: > A>2@5<5==>< A>AB>O=88 45; 2 A0<>9 @8B0=88, B0: 8 > ACI5AB2CNI8E B5=45=F8OE @0728B8O 2 A2O78 A ?>O2;5=85< =>2>3> A8;L=>3> 83@>:0 =0 ?>;8B8G5A:>9 :0@B5 <8@0   , 8 5Q @>;8 =0 <564C=0@>4=>9 0@5=5.</p> <p>!=0G0;0 A:065< =5A:>;L:> A;>2 ?@> ?;0= (>B;0=488 2 >B=>H5=88 8B0O.  40==>< ?;0=5 >B@065=K B@8 >A=>2=KE 0A?5:B0 A>2@5<5==>3> A>AB>O=8O (>B;0=488. @5645 2A53>, MB> 5Q M:>=><8G5A:>5 ?>;>65=85 2 CA;>28OE <8@>2>3> D8=0=A>2>3> :@878A0. @8=OBK9 =5704>;3> 4> 53> =0G0;0 ?;0= ?@54AB02;O5B A>1>9 G0ABL 0=B8:@878A=>9 ?@>3@0<<K. 5@20O 7040G0 70:;NG05BAO 2 B><, GB>1K ?@54AB028B5;8 =>2>3> ?>:>;5=8O H>B;0=4F52 8<5;8 107>2>5 2;045=85 :8B09A:8< O7K:><, 4;O G53> 53> ?@5?>4020=85 A 2008 3. 22>48BAO 2 =0G0;L=KE H:>;0E (>B;0=488. (>B;0=4FK 4>;6=K CG8BLAO C2060BL :8B09A:CN :C;LBC@C 8 B@048F88, G5<C 4>;6=K A?>A>1AB2>20BL >1@07>20B5;L=K5 ?@>3@0<<K =0 C@>2=5 A@54=53> 8 2KAH53> >1@07>20=8O, @0A?@>AB@0=5=85 8=AB8BCB>2 >=DCF8O2 2 (>B;0=488 8 B.4. B>@0O 7040G0 A>AB>8B 2 B><, GB>1K ?@82;5GL 2 (>B;0=48N 68B5;59  , :>B>@K5 1C4CB B0< CG8BLAO 8 @01>B0BL 8 AB0=CB ?>B@518B5;O<8 H>B;0=4A:>9 ?@>4C:F88, GB> 1C45B A>459AB2>20BL @>ABC  2 MB>9 G0AB8 !>548=Q==>3> >@>;52AB20, 8 : 2017 3. 2K2545B (>B;0=48N ?> ?>:070B5;O<  =0 C@>25=L <0;KE =57028A8<KE 3>AC40@AB2 !, ;8:2848@>20BL @07@K2 <564C A0<K<8 154=K<8 8 1;03>?>;CG=K<8 @09>=0<8 (>B;0=488 8 ?>2KA82 2 F5;>< C@>25=L 687=8 55 =0A5;5=8O. >ABC  4>;6=> A?>A>1AB2>20BL 8 2K?>;=5=85 B@5BL59 7040G8, 0 8<5==>  @0728B85 AD5@K BC@87<0 =0 :8B09A:>< =0?@02;5=88.  2007 3. A?5F80;L=> 4;O MB>3> 1K; A>740= A09B www.scotsagent.com =0 :8B09A:>< O7K:5. >;55 B>3>, =5A<>B@O =0 ?@>3=>7K 6C@=0;0 «LN !B59BA<5=» > B><, GB> : 2050 3. G8A;5==>ABL =0A5;5=8O 2 !>548=Q==>< >@>;52AB25 2K@0AB5B =0 27% [1], ?@028B5;LAB2> (>B;0=488 ?@542848B 45<>3@0D8G5A:89 A?04 8 ?;0=8@C5B 871560BL 53> 70 AGQB ?@8B>:0 =0A5;5=8O 87  .</p> <p>B>@>9 0A?5:B H>B;0=4A:>3> ?;0=0 :0A05BAO @0728B8O 5Q <564C=0@>4=KE A2O759, 345 B0:65 1>;LH>5 2=8<0=85 C45;O5BAO 8B0N. (>B;0=48O 3>B>20 A>B@C4=8G0BL A   2 >1;0AB8 =87:>C3;5@>48ABKE B5E=>;>389 8A?>;L7>20=8O 2>7>1=>2;O5<KE 8AB>G=8:>2 M=5@388 8 =0C: > 687=8. 8B09 708=B5@5A>20= 2 @0728B88 35==>9 8=65=5@88, >A>15==> ?>A;5 AB>;L =0HC<52H59 =>2>AB8 > :;>=8@>20=88 >25G:8 >;;8 2 >A;8=A:>< 8=AB8BCB5 2 (>B;0=488. (>B;0=48O 4065 ?@5B5=4C5B =0 @>;L ?>A@54=8:0 <564C !>548=Q==K< >@>;52AB2>< 8  .</p> <p>-B@5BL8E, 2 :>=B5:AB5 ?@54AB>OI53> 2 :>=F5 2010 3. @5D5@5=4C<0 > =57028A8<>AB8 (>B;0=488 C:070==0O AB@0B538O ?@>?8B0=0 84559 > B><, GB> (>B;0=48O  AB@5<OI55AO : =57028A8<>AB8, A0<>AB>OB5;L=>5 3>AC40@AB2>. 7 B5:AB0 ?;0=0 >G5284=>, GB> (>B;0=48O 2848B 2 8B05 A2>53> A>N7=8:0. 4=0:> =C6=> CG8BK20BL, GB> 2 ?5@A?5:B825, :0:8<8 1K E>@>H8<8 =8 1K;8 >B=>H5=8O <564C (>B;0=4859 8 8B05<, 8B09 A:>@55 =530B82=> >B=5AQBAO : 5Q A5?0@0B8ABA:8< =0AB@>5=8O<, :0: 8 : ;>7C=30< (>B;0=488 > 70I8B5 ?@02 G5;>25:0 2 8B05 ?>4 M384>9 B0:>9 >@30=870F88, :0: 564C=0@>4=0O 0<=8AB8O3.</p> <p>"5?5@L =5A:>;L:> A;>2 A:065< > 1@8B0=A:>9 AB@0B5388 2 >B=>H5=88 8B0O. B<5B8<, GB> 2009 3. 1K; 7=0<5=0B5;5= 4;O 8B0O.  MB>< 3>4C   >B<5G0; 60-;5B=89 N18;59 A> 4=O >A=>20=8O ><<C=8AB8G5A:>9 ?0@B88 8B0O 8 60 ;5B A> 4=O ?@8A>548=5=8O !8=LF7O=0 :  .  2009 3. 8A?>;=8;>AL 50 ;5B A> 4=O "815BA:>3> =0@>4=>3> 2>AAB0=8O4, 10 ;5B A> 4=O 2>72@0I5=8O ><M=O ?>4 N@8A48:F8N 8B0O 8 CA?5H=>3> ?@>2545=8O 2 >B=>H5=88 ><M=O :C@A0 «>4=> 3>AC40@AB2>, 420 AB@>O» [6]. >O2;5=8N 1@8B0=A:>9 AB@0B5388 >BG0AB8 A?>A>1AB2>20; <8@>2>9 M:>=><8G5A:89 :@878A, A >4=>9 AB>@>=K, 8 :>;>AA0;L=K9 M:>=><8G5A:89 @>AB  , A 4@C3>9.</p> <p> >B;8G85 >B H>B;0=4A:>9, 1@8B0=A:0O AB@0B538O =>A8B =5 AB>;L:> M:>=><8G5A:89, A:>;L:> ?>;8B8G5A:89 E0@0:B5@. # MB8E 42CE AB@0B5389 5ABL >1I55: 2 >158E 3>2>@8BAO > ?@54AB>OI59 2KAB02:5 «(0=E09 -:A?>-2010», > ?@020E G5;>25:0, A>B@C4=8G5AB25 A 8B05<, 87CG5=88 :8B09A:>3> O7K:0 8 ?@>3@0<<0E >1<5=0 2 AD5@5 >1@07>20=8O <564C !>548=Q==K< >@>;52AB2>< 8  . @8B0=A:CN AB@0B538N <>6=> @0745;8BL =0 420 1;>:0. !CBL ?5@2>3> A2>48BAO : B><C, ?> :0:8< =0?@02;5=8O< A;54C5B >:07K20BL ?><>IL 8B0N. !CBL 2B>@>3> 70:;NG05BAO 2 B><, :0:85 B@51>20=8O !>548=Q==>5 >@>;52AB2> 4>;6=> ?@54JO2;OBL : 8B0N 2 1;8609H55 2@5<O 8 2 4>;3>A@>G=>9 ?5@A?5:B825 70 >:070=85 MB>9 ?><>I8.</p> <p> GQ< 65 @8B0=88 A;54C5B ?><>30BL 8B0N? @5645 2A53>, =5>1E>48<> >:07K20BL A>459AB285 2 C?@02;5=88 @8A:0<8, A2O70==K<8 A 53> AB@5<8B5;L=K< @0728B85< 8 2AQ 2>7@0AB0NI8< M:>=><8G5A:8< @07@K2>< <564C   8 @0728BK<8 AB@0=0<8. "> 5ABL @5GL 84QB > ;8:2840F88 M:>=><8G5A:>3> 48A10;0=A0. >4B25@645=85 MB>3> =0E>48< 2 AB0BL5 70<5AB8B5;O =0G0;L=8:0 &5=B@0 8AA;54>20=8O @0728B8O ?@8 >AA>25B5   N (8F78=L «0: 4>;3> <>65B A>E@0=OBLAO  :8B09A:0O A:>@>ABL ?» >B 23 45:01@O 2009 3. 2 3075B5 «M=L<8= 6810>». 2B>@ 0:F5=B8@C5B 2=8<0=85 =0 B><, GB> 2KA>:0O 48=0<8:0 @0728B8O 8B0O 1C45B =01;N40BLAO 2 B5G5=85 ?>A;54CNI8E 10 ;5B, ?>A;5 G53> ?@5:@0B8BAO, 8 «=5:>B>@K5 ?@>1;5<K 1C45B B@C4=> A:@KBL». N (8F78=L ?8H5B: « =0H59 AB@0=5 45=56=0O ?>;8B8:0 =5 >A;01;5=0, => 2 B> 65 2@5<O :>;8G5AB2> :@548B>2 @57:> 2>7@>A;>. -B>& 1>;LH0O ?@>1;5<0 2A53> <5E0=87<0 4825@A8D8:0F88 @8A:>2» [7].</p> <p>@8B0=8O =0<5@5=0 A>459AB2>20BL 22545=8N 8B0O 2 «3;>10;L=>5 C?@02;5=85»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p> <p>! B>G:8 7@5=8O 1@8B0=A:8E ?>;8B8:>2 8B09 2 ?5@2CN >G5@54L =5>1E>48<> @0AA<0B@820BL :0: @K=>: 4;O M:A?>@B0 1@8B0=A:8E B>20@>2.  A2O78 A MB8< =5>1E>48<> 2=CH8BL :8B09F0< 8 :8B09A:><C ?@028B5;LAB2C 845N > B><, GB> !>548=Q==>5 >@>;52AB2> O2;O5BAO <8@>2K< F5=B@><, 0 >=4>= <>65B AB0BL 2 ?5@A?5:B825 F5=B@>< :8B09A:8E 8=25AB8F89 8 <5AB>< E@0=5=8O 2=5H=8E @575@2>2  . =0;>38G=K5 70O2;5=8O <K <>65< C2845BL 8 2 >B=>H5=88 /?>=88.  :>=F5 2009 3. ;>@4-<M@ >=4>=0, Alderman Nick Anstee, 1K; A 2878B>< 2 23 AB@0=0E 8 43 3>@>40E !(, !, ;86=53> >AB>:0, D@8:8.  :>=F5 <0O 2010 3. >= A>25@H8; B@5E4=52=K9 2878B 2 /?>=8N. 28 <0O 2010 3. ;>@4-<M@ >=4>=0 ?@>87=5A @5GL > 2708<>>B=>H5=8OE !>548=5==>3> >@>;52AB20 8 /?>=88 2 O?>=A:>< =AB8BCB5 ?> 8AA;54>20=8N A>F80;L=KE 8 M:>=><8G5A:8E 2>?@>A>2 (Keizai Koho Centre), >B<5B82, GB> 2 >=4>=5 =5B 10@L5@>2 4;O 8=>AB@0==>9 A>1AB25==>AB8 8;8 8=25AB8F89. "0:, 5A;8 3>2>@8BL > @09>=5 !8B8, B> 28% 2 =5< ?@8=04;568B O?>=A:8<, =5<5F:8<, 0<5@8:0=A:8< 8 8@;0=4A:8< 8=25AB>@0<.  5;8:>1@8B0=88 ;53G5, G5< 2 4@C38E 3>AC40@AB20E 2@>?K A>740BL 8 25AB8 187=5A 8 =5>1E>48<> AB8<C;8@>20BL @>AB 8=25AB8F89 4;O ACI5AB2CNI53> 45D8F8B0 1N465B0 [8].  O=20@5 2008 3. 2 8B05 >=4>=A:0O D>=4>20O 18@60 >B:@K;0 A2>Q ?@54AB028B5;LAB2> 2A;54 70 LN->@:A:>9 18@659 8 0<5@8:0=A:>9 ! [9].  >=4>=5 65 >:>;> 100 :8B09A:8E :><?0=89 CG0AB2CNB 2 18@652KE >?5@0F8OE.</p> <p>0 ?@54;>65==CN 8B0N ?><>IL ?@028B5;LAB2> !>548=Q==>3> >@>;52AB20 2K428305B 2 A2>59 AB@0B5388 @O4 B@51>20=89. @5645 2A53>, :8B09A:>5 >1I5AB2>, 1N465B 8 ?>;8B8:0 4>;6=K AB0BL 1>;55 >B:@KBK<8 4;O 480;>30 A 70?04=K<8 AB@0=0<8.  F5;OE 4>AB865=8O =5>1E>48<>3> C@>2=O >B:@KB>AB8 >B 8B0O B@51C5BAO A>:@0B8BL A2>8 O45@=K5 2>>@C65=8O 2 2>AB>G=>0780BA:>< @538>=5, 0 B0:65 0:B82=> ?>445@6820BL ?@>3@0<<C ?> 1>@L15 A B5@@>@87<><. @8B0=A:0O AB@0B538O >1@0I05B 2=8<0=85 >1I5AB25==>AB8 =0 B>, GB> 8B09 4> A8E ?>@ =5 @0B8D8F8@>20; 87-70 @07=>3;0A89 A "0920=5< 564C=0@>4=K9 ?0:B > 3@0640=A:8E 8 ?>;8B8G5A:8E ?@020E 1966 3., ?>4?8A0==K9 8< 5I5 2 1998 3.</p> <p>0 ?>A;54=85 3>4K 2 8B05 ?@>87>H;8 =5:>B>@K5 A42838 2 AB>@>=C 45<>:@0B870F88 AB@0=K.  >?@545;5==>9 AB5?5=8 MB> 1K;> A2O70=> A B@51>20=85< 70?04=KE AB@0= 225AB8 70?@5B ?KB>: 8 C<5=LH8BL ?@8<5=5=85 A<5@B=>9 :07=8 2 :0G5AB25 2KAH59 <5@K =0:070=8O.  ! 8 A5B8 =B5@=5B <>6=> =09B8 <=>3>G8A;5==K5 <0B5@80;K > ?@8<5=5=88 ?KB>: 2 B@C4>2KE ;035@OE, B0:8E :0: $CA8=L 8;8 %C;C40>, 2 65=A:>9 BN@L<5 0=L<CAK (2 ?@>28=F88 !KGC0=L). KAH0O <5@0 =0:070=8O 2 8B05 ?@8<5=O5BAO 2 >B=>H5=88 B0:8E AB0B59, :0: 3>AC40@AB25==0O 87<5=0, H?8>=06, @0A?@>AB@0=5=85 8 >1>@>B =0@:>B8:>2, M:>=><8G5A:85 ?@5ABC?;5=8O 2 3>AC40@AB25==>< <0AHB015, 27OB>G=8G5AB2> 8 B0: 40;55. 4=0:> ?>AB5?5==> ?>;8B8:0 :8B09A:>3> ?@028B5;LAB20 <5=O5BAO 8 2 >B=>H5=88 A<5@B=>9 :07=8.  G0AB=>AB8, 2 2007 3. 2?5@2K5 1K;> ?@8=OB> @5H5=85 > ?5@5A<>B@5 5@E>2=K< 0@>4=K< !C4><   AC451=KE @5H5=89 > A<5@B=>9 :07=8 8 ?@8=OB85 42CE;5B=59 >BA@>G:8 4;O 8E 8A?>;=5=8O.  :>=F5 MB>3> 42CE;5B=53> A@>:0 ?@83>2>@ <>65B 1KBL ;81> ?@8254Q= 2 8A?>;=5=85 ;81> 70<5=Q= ?>687=5==K< 70:;NG5=85<.  @57C;LB0B5 MB>3> @5H5=8O, 2 2008 3., ?> =5>D8F80;L=K< 40==K<, 1K;> ?@83>2>@5=> : A<5@B=>9 :07=8 =0 15% <5=LH5 >128=O5<KE, G5< 2 2007 3., GB> A>AB028;> >:>;> 5-6 BKA. G5;>25:.  :0G5AB25 A@02=5=8O, 3075B0 «0H8=3B>= ?>AB» >B<5G05B, GB> 2 2007 3. 2 !( : A<5@B=>9 :07=8 1K;> ?@83>2>@5=> 2A53> 42 G5;>25:0 [10].</p> <p>!>548=Q==>5 >@>;52AB2> 2K@078;> A2>N >701>G5==>ABL ?@>1;5<>9 "815B0.  8B05 1>;LH>9 @57>=0=A 2K720;> =0<5@5=85 1@8B0=A:>3> ?@5<L5@-<8=8AB@0 . @0C=0 2AB@5B8BLAO 2 <0@B5 2008 3. A 40;09-;0<>9. D8F80;L=K9 ?@54AB028B5;L    &8=L 0= 70O28;: «K 2K@0605< A5@LQ7=CN >701>G5==>ABL 40==K< A>>1I5=85<. 8B09A:0O AB>@>=0 C65 =5>4=>:@0B=> C:07K20;0, GB> 40;09-;0<0 O2;O5BAO ?>;8B8G5A:8< 873=0==8:><, 4>;3>5 2@5<O ?@><KH;ONI8< 45OB5;L=>ABLN, =0F5;5==>9 =0 @0A:>; @>48=K 8 @07@CH5=85 =0F8>=0;L=>9 A?;>GQ==>AB8» [11].  D52@0;5 2009 3. 2 >=4>=5 A>AB>O;0AL 0:F8O ?@>B5AB0, >@30=87>20==0O AB>@>==8:0<8 =57028A8<>AB8 "815B0, 2> 2@5<O :>B>@>9 2 :8B09A:>3> ?@5<L5@-<8=8AB@0 M=L &7O10>, 2KABC?02H53> A @5GLN 2 5<1@846A:>< C=825@A8B5B5, >48= 87 A;CH0B5;59 1@>A8; 1>B8=>:. :B828AB 1K; 0@5AB>20= ?> >128=5=8N «2 =0@CH5=88 >1I5AB25==>3> ?>@O4:0», 0 :8B09A:><C ?@54AB028B5;N 1K;8 ?@8=5A5=K 8728=5=8O.</p> <p>!5?0@0B8ABA:85 =0AB@>5=8O 2 8B05 B0:65 ?>;CG0NB >?@545;5==CN ?>445@6:C A> AB>@>=K (>B;0=488, 0:B82=> 2KABC?0NI59 2 70I8BC ?@02 G5;>25:0 2  . IQ 2 2004 3. ?0@;0<5=B0@88 (>B;0=488, 2KABC?82H85 A ?5B8F859 2 70I8BC :8B09A:>9 A5:BK $0;C=L 0D0, ?8A0;8: «0@;0<5=B >AC6405B :8B09A:>5 ?@028B5;LAB2> 70 =0@CH5=85 ?@02 G5;>25:0 2 >B=>H5=88 ?>A;54>20B5;59 $0;C=L 0D0; B@51C5B, GB>1K ?@028B5;LAB2> Q 5;8G5AB20 ?@8A>548=8;>AL : >AC645=8N MB8E =0@CH5=89 8 ?@87=0;>, GB> ?>A;54>20B5;8 $0;C=L 0D0 ?@5A;54CNBAO 2 8B05 8 70 53> ?@545;0<8; B@51C5B =5<54;5==>3> >A2>1>645=8O ?>A;54>20B5;59 $0;C=L 0D0 2 8B05, 8 ?>445@68205B <8@=CN 45<>=AB@0F8N 2 -48=1C@35» [12].  >:BO1@5 2009 3. 0:B828ABK $0;C=L 0D0, =5A<>B@O =0 ?@>B5ABK :8B09A:8E >D8F80;L=KE ;8F, >@30=87>20;8 45<>=AB@0F8N 2 >=4>=5. 5<>=AB@0=BK ?@>H;8 G5@57 45;>2CN G0ABL 3>@>40 >B :8B09A:>3> ?>A>;LAB20 4> :8B09A:>3> :20@B0;0, 2 @57C;LB0B5 G53> 1>;55 42CEA>B :8B09F52 =0?8A0;8 70O2;5=85 > 2KE>45 87 .</p> <p>>;8B8:0 !>548=Q==>3> >@>;52AB20 2 >B=>H5=88   =>A8B 42>9AB25==K9 E0@0:B5@. ! >4=>9 AB>@>=K, 2 @0<:0E <564C=0@>4=KE :>=25=F89 8 4>3>2>@>2 ?@028B5;LAB2> !>548=5==>3> >@>;52AB20 3>B>2> >:07K20BL 8B0N ?>445@6:C. !CI5AB2C5B =5<0;> ?5@A?5:B82 4;O @0728B8O 40;L=59H53> A>B@C4=8G5AB20. ! 4@C3>9 AB>@>=K, @8B0=8O, :0: 4@C385 52@>?59A:85 AB@0=K 8 !(5 2KABC?0NB AB>@>==8:0<8 A>1;N45=8O ?@02 G5;>25:0, 4065 5A;8 @5GL 84QB > B0:>< 42865=88, :0: $0;C=L 0D0. >;8B8:0 (>B;0=488 2 >B=>H5=88 8B0O, =5A<>B@O =0 A5?0@0B8ABA:85 =0AB@>5=8O (>B;0=4A:>9 0F8>=0;L=>9 0@B88, =5 ?@>B82>@5G8B 2 F5;>< 1@8B0=A:>9 AB@0B5388 8 84QB 2 D0@20B5@5 1@8B0=A:>9 ?>;8B8:8. !>548=Q==>5 >@>;52AB2> 708=B5@5A>20=> 2 B><, GB>1K 2 ;8F5 (>B;0=488 8<5BL 4>?>;=8B5;L=>3> ?0@B=Q@0 A 8B05<.  B><C 65, ACI5AB2C5B @O4 2>?@>A>2, >1AC645=85 :>B>@KE ?@028B5;LAB2C !>548=Q==>3> >@>;52AB20 1K;> 1K C4>1=59 25AB8 >B ;8F0 (>B;0=488. >7<>6=>, 8<5==> >1 MB>< 3>2>@8BAO 2 H>B;0=4A:>9 AB@0B5388, :>340 @5GL 84QB > B><, GB> (>B;0=48O <>65B A;C68BL A2O7CNI8< 725=>< <564C !>548=Q==K< >@>;52AB2>< 8 8B05<.</p> <h2>@8<5G0=8O</h2> <p>1. 1@0B8< 2=8<0=85 =0 B>, GB> C65 1>;55 =5 8A?>;L7C5BAO B5@<8=>;>38O «AB@0=K B@5BL53> <8@0» 8;8 «@072820NI85AO AB@0=K», 0 @5GL 845B > «3>AC40@AB20E-?0@B=5@0E» 2. =AB8BCB >=DCF8O  A5BL :8B09A:8E :C;LBC@=>->1@07>20B5;L=KE F5=B@>2, A>740205<KE 8B09A:8< 3>AC40@AB25==K< :><8B5B>< ?> @0A?@>AB@0=5=8N :8B09A:>3> O7K:0 70 @C156>< A>2<5AB=> A 70@C156=K<8 A8=>;>38G5A:8<8 F5=B@0<8 http://www.confucius-institute.ru/ 3. 564C=0@>4=0O <=8AB8O - 2A5<8@=>5 42865=85 ;N459, 2KABC?0NI8E 70 A>1;N45=85 >1I5?@87=0==KE ?@02 :064>3> G5;>25:0, >A=>20==>5 2 5;8:>1@8B0=88 2 1961 3. http://amnesty.org.ru/who-we-are 4. >AAB0=85 2 "815B5 1959 3.  2>AAB0=85 68B5;59 "815B0 2 E0A5 ?@>B82 ?@02;5=8O 8B09A:>9 ><<C=8AB8G5A:>9 0@B88, 65AB>:> ?>402;5==>5. 5. >AA89A:0O $545@0F8O =5 2E>48B 2 8E G8A;>. .</p> <!-- /content --> <!-- 4/ --> </td> <td><img src="pic/v.gif" width="1" height="1" border="0" alt=""></td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <!-- /middle part --> <!-- footer/ --> <tr height="100%"> <td class="paper2"> <div class="inkwell"> <img src="pic/inkwell.gif" border=0 alt=""><br> </div> </td> </tr> <tr height=19> <td class="paper3"> <img src="pic/v.gif" width=1 height=19 border=0 alt=""><br> </td> </tr> <tr height=98> <td> <table width="100%" height=98 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 border=0> <tr> <td width=422 bgcolor="#456179" background="pic/z_footer.jpg"> <!-- 422 + 300 = 945 --> <div class="whitey"> © Copyright Bumali Project, 2007<br> All rights reserved<br> bumali2000@yahoo.ca<br> Last update: 2011.03.30<br> </div> </td> <td bgcolor="#456179" align="right"> <div style="position:relative;top:8px;left:218px;"> <!-- 472px --> <a href="http://indians.ru/"><img class=alpha30 onMouseOver="this.className='alpha100';" onMouseOut="this.className='alpha30';" src="pic/design-studio.gif" width="88" height="31" border=0 alt="design by ISS, 2007"></a><br> <img src="pic/v.gif" width=1 height=4 border=0 alt=""><br> <!-- oriental.ru --> <script language="javascript"> java="1.0"; java1=""+"&refer="+escape(document.referrer)+"&page="+ escape(window.location.href); document.cookie="orirating=1; path=/"; java1+="&c="+(document.cookie?"yes":"no"); </script> <script language="javascript1.1">java="1.1";java1+="&java="+(navigator.javaEnabled()?"yes":"no")</script> <script language="javascript1.2">java="1.2"; java1+="&razresh="+screen.width+'x'+screen.height+"&cvet="+ (((navigator.appName.substring(0,3)=="Mic"))? screen.colorDepth:screen.pixelDepth)</script><script language="javascript1.3">java="1.3"</script> <script language="javascript">java1+="&jscript="+java; document.write("<a href='http://oriental.ru/rating/sta.php?id=425' target='_top'><img class=alpha60 "+ " src='http://oriental.ru/rating/img.php?id=425&"+java1+"&' border=0 width=88 height=31 alt=' 59B8=3 >AB>G=>3> ?>@B0;0'></a>")</script> <noscript><a href=http://oriental.ru/rating/sta.php?id=425 target=_top><img class=alpha60 src="http://oriental.ru/rating/img.php?id=425" border=0 width="88" height="31" alt=" 59B8=3 >AB>G=>3> ?>@B0;0"></a></noscript> <!-- /oriental.ru --> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <!-- /footer --> </table> <!-- /page --> </body> </html>